Sun-synchronous orbit (SSO)

A sun-synchronous orbit (SSO) is a near-polar low-Earth orbit whose plane precesses to keep a fixed local solar time at each equator crossing, so a satellite images every location under consistent sun illumination.

Why consistent lighting matters

Most optical Earth-observation satellites fly sun-synchronous orbits because consistent illumination makes images comparable over time — essential for change detection, vegetation monitoring, and time-series analysis. The fixed crossing time is often described as a 'local time of descending node' (e.g. 10:30 LTDN).

Because SSO is near-polar, these satellites pass near both poles each orbit and provide near-global coverage as the Earth rotates beneath them, with more frequent passes at higher latitudes.

Frequently asked questions

Why do Earth-observation satellites use sun-synchronous orbits?

So every scene of a given location is captured at roughly the same local solar time and sun angle, making images comparable over time for change detection and monitoring.

Are SAR satellites sun-synchronous?

Many are, but SAR does not depend on sunlight, so SAR constellations have more orbital freedom; consistent lighting is an optical-imaging concern.

Related

Plan a real acquisition over your area on the interactive map, browse the satellite catalog, or read the tasking guides.